WOMEN AND ARMED CONFLICT - SEXUAL VIOLENCE AS A WEAPON OF WAR

1worldinternational finally returns after a three-month hiatus with a hard hitting piece on the dangers faced by women in war zones the world over. Uche Ndaji, writer, poet and regular contributor to 1worldinternational lends her voice to this most sensitive topic.

In defence of women

Break the silence. When you witness violence against women and girls, do not sit back. Act."

Ban Ki-moon, Secretary – General

 

Rape. The most heinous of crimes: leaves in its path an indelible shame on humanity. It is too often used as a strategic military assault to terrorise a population in armed conflict yet the international community has struggled to institute robust, preventative measures for the purpose of eradicating one of the greatest scourges of warfare.

The systematic rape of 50,000 to 60,000 women in the former Yugoslavia brought rape to the forefront of international contemplation. Consequently, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was the first in Europe to categorise rape as a crime against humanity and a form of torture.  Similarly, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) emphasised rape as a vehicle through which genocide could be carried out. In the same breath, The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court redefined the term sexual violence to encompass rape; sexual slavery; enforced prostitution and forced sterilisation, but to name a few.

Although it is unquestionable that legal frameworks exist to protect women from sexual violence in conflict, implementation falls below the yardstick set out in myriad international legal instruments. The Continuance of ‘shaking one’s finger at the problem’, excuses the preponderance of impunity. We must consider what type of solutions to offer the 102 women and girls raped by Congolese troops during the advance of the M23 rebel group in November 2012 according to UN estimations.

 

Undoubtedly, the line between violence perpetrated by non-state actors and government troops are blurred, borne out of years of guaranteed immunity, individuals have conducted barbarous crimes and continued to do so without consequences. The ‘Hidden Survivors’ report by Save the Children illustrates that out of 440 child survivors of sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 81% of perpetrators were described as civilians and 74% as known to the survivor’s family. In the recent conflict in Cote d’Ivoire only 31% of cases of child rape were committed by armed men.

Moreover, communities are crippled by the assimilation of perpetrators of sexual and gender based violence (SGBV) who are often known to victims as neighbours, or friends. In the ICTY case of Kunarac et al. rape victims had either previously known the offender or had come across them after the war had ended. Impunity prolongs the psychological damage visited upon women and girls in conflict.

 

Administering the cruelty of sexual violence on a population instils fear, because women are often gang raped, raped with objects and forced into sexual slavery. Parties use unhinged violence to defuse resistance and demoralises the enemy. Designed to inflict discord, by fragmenting family and communal bond, groups often rape en masse in front of communities to humiliate the victim and the men who are unable to protect them.

An assault presents a cumulative chain of events for victims from: stigmatization to homelessness through to sexually transmitted diseases and unplanned pregnancies. These occurrences persist even after conflict because communities dealing with hardship and deprivation pre-war have difficulty transitioning from wartime to peacetime as a result of displacements and disintegration of the family unit.

The international community must consider what triggers such callous treatment of women and girls and a case can be made against historical and cultural values that confine the capabilities of women within certain societies which normalises discrimination and perpetuates violence. Human Rights Watch highlighted this fact in a report on post-conflict Rwanda, highlighting that “women's subordinate status in society has long subjected them to a wide array of limitations and restrictions which have discriminated against them in profound and systemic ways.” The idea that women can only be protected by the male figures in their lives encourages a sentiment of ownership which grants women an inferior status in society.

 

 

Nevertheless, it is unfair to dismiss recent developments which have put gender based violence in armed conflicts back onto the international agenda. Foreign Secretary William Hague made a declaration in The G8 Summit Foreign Minister’s meeting held in April, pledging £23 million for “sensitive and sustained support to survivors to build a case against culprits of heinous crimes.” Mr. Hague also promised “deployment of international experts to build judicial, investigative and legal capacity”. Most importantly the assurance that safe havens will be eradicated and perpetrators searched for and prosecuted regardless of nationality was welcomed with positivity by Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Zainab Hawa Bangura. Ms. Bangura pointed out that “the Declaration of the G8 represents a beacon of light and hope for the many devastated communities in Congo, and the countless other survivors in conflicts around the world.”


Yet solving the problem requires further engagement with communities blighted by sexual violence. Encouraging community leaders to educate men and boys about the damage sexual violence causes to their society. Alex Craig from Women for Women International stressed that “The education and training WfWI provides allows SGBV survivors to achieve economic self-sufficiency through income generation activities - economic empowerment is a very powerful element of recovery and can help to mitigate and possibly prevent recurrent SGBV.”
 

Priority should be placed on extending the mandate of peacekeeping forces to protect civilians caught in the firing line of sexual violence. Furthermore, enacting stronger national and international laws will break the cycle of impunity sending a coherent message that women are not objects of war.

 

GLOBAL PERSONALITY OF THE WEEK

The events of last week draw attention to the dangers faced by war reporters in their attempts to highlight the consequence of war. Last week, the legendary Sunday Times reporter, Marie Colvin, 56, was killed alongside the French photographer, Remi Ochlik, 28. Marie Colvin is a veteran of conflicts in Egypt, Gaza, Syria, Libya and Sri Lanka where she has fearlessly reported under the hail of bullets.

Controversy still surrounds the events which occurred in the moments leading up to her death although one recalls the Syrian army’s recent pledge to ‘kill any journalist who sets foot on Syrian soil’. The UK Foreign Secretary, William Hague, couldn’t have captured the mood any better than he did in his recent statement made in the aftermath of Colvin’s death. He proffered: “She died helping people of Syria share their plight with the world. A great loss for all”. In closing, both Colvin and Ochlik died in their attempts to make a difference, lets all follow their example in making ours.

INTERNATIONAL CONDEMNATION FOR BOKO HARAM'S CHRISTMAS DAY ATTACKS IN NIGERIA

On 11th December 2011, 1worldinternational published a piece on Boko Haram, the terrorist group with Nigerian origins which has over the last few years masterminded attacks against the Nigerian government, public infrastructure, civilians and churches. In the article entitled “Boko Haram: The New Al-Qaeda?”, the writer highlighted the threat posed by the group. The article also covered fears raised by the U.S.A about the Nigerian government’s inability to deal with the insurgency and the prospect that the national problem may spiral into an international concern.


The Attacks

In a replication of its brazen series of attacks in Nigeria last Christmas, the group struck on 25th December 2011 in what appears to be a well thought out and coordinated attack leaving 40 dead and scores injured. The first attack occurred outside a Catholic Church situated near the capital city of Abuja, killing 35 and wounding around 50. It is reported that this was a suicide attack on worshippers milling around the church premises following the conclusion of the Christmas morning mass. The second blast occurred close to a church in the central city of Jos and further explosions occurred in the North-East towns of Damaturu and Gadaka. The Associated Press reports that the recent fatalities bring the total death toll from the insurgency to 504 this year.


International Condemnation

The attacks have led to widespread condemnation being heaped upon the group. The U.K. Foreign Secretary, William Hague said: “These are cowardly attacks on families gathered in peace and praying to celebrate a day which symbolises harmony and goodwill towards others. I offer my condolences to the bereaved and injured.” In the same vein, the White House Spokesman, James Carney said: “We condemn this senseless violence and tragic loss of life on Christmas day. We offer our sincere condolences to the Nigerian people and especially those who lost family and loved ones”. Further support has also come from the French and German governments. The French President Nicolas Sarkozy expressed “solidarity in Nigeria’s fight against terrorism” while the German Foreign Minister, Guido Westerwelle stated: “Even on Christmas day, the world is not spared from cowardice and the fear of terrorism.” The Vatican City also denounced the attacks in stating that the group’s action was an act of “blind hatred” seeking to “arouse and feed even more hatred and confusion”.


Sound-off

The group via its spokesman has claimed responsibility for the attacks. In its statement, the group said: “There will never be peace until our demands are met”. “We want all our brothers who have been incarcerated to be released; we want full implementation of the Sharia system and we want democracy and the constitution to be suspended.”

Analysts fear that the group has links to the al-Shabaab militia which controls large swathes of Somalia and al-Qaeda operatives with influence in the African states of Niger, Mauritania, and Chad to name but a few. Matters are not been helped by the Nigerian government who seem reluctant to acknowledge the threat posed by the group to the nation’s security and stability or the government’s hesitance to accept the assistance offered by the international community. The frayed dynamics of this already fractious country coupled with the latest insurgency leads observers to conclude that Nigeria may soon become West Africa’s equivalent to East Africa’s Somalia.